Log Thurs 22 Dec 2011

Accomplished:
-FINISHED CONSTRUCTION
-resarched leagile manufacturing

Goals
-send images to mentor
-add images to STEMM report
-write about innovation/open system for STEMM report

Log Tues 20 December 2011

Accomplished
-attatched outtake and intake pipes to barrel
-attatched funnel to intake pipe
-caulked edges of pipes

Goals
-paint outside of barrel

Post re: Adhesive Method Used on Desal Cone

In the Plan of Procedures, the flexible plastic cone is adhered to the plexiglass lid via chemical melting. However, in the construction of the first prototype, the makers were hesitant to do any step which would be irreversible, at least at this preliminary date. Therefore, in the first prototype, the cone is taped to the lid, allowing for design changes do occur without the need to re-construct the entire cone.

Log Fri 16 December 2011

Accomplished:
-affixed cone to plexi
-washed out barrel

Goals:
-adhere funnel to intake pipe
-attach intake/outtake pipes to barrel and seal edge
-procure last elbow joint

Log Wed 14 December 2011

Accomplished:
-cone did not properly adhere overnight
     -fixed cone (melting rather than epoxy)
-smoothed plexi circle edges
-wrote intro for STEMM report
-researched manufacturing methods for STEMM report and chose a combination of prefabrication, American system, lean, and agile manufacturing.

Goals:
-adhere cone to plexi
-add pipes to barrel
-wash out barrel.

Log Mon 12 December 2011

Accomplished:
-constructed cone


Goals:
-procure final elbow joint
-wash out barrel
-attach cone to plexi

Log Thurs 8 Dec 2011

Accomplished:
-cut out plexiglass circle for desal cone
-cut out cavity in barrel top for cone
-prepared funnels for intake/outtake
-drilled holes for intake/outtake

Goals:
-construct desal cone
-procure extra elbow for added pipe length

Log Tues 5 December

Accomplished:
-added anti-splash insurance and stabilization structures to CAD drawings
-constructed intake and outflow pipes
-marked locations for intake and outflow holes
-marked up plexiglass circle, could not cut out due to equipment unavailability

Goals:
-cut out plexiglass circle and begin cone construction
-cut out intake and outflow holes

Log Fri 2 December 2011

Accomplished:
- finalized press release, added images, turned in
-contacted mentor
-waiting for Plan of Procedures authorization, construction phase delayed slightly

Goals:
-construct intake and outtake pipe

Log Wed 30 Nov 2011

Accomplished:
-edited press release
-turned in final plan of procedures for construction approval

Goals:
-construct intake pipe
-construct outflow pipe

Log Mon 28 Nov 2011

Accomplished:
-procured PVC, funnels, barrel, clear plastic for lid and cone, and adhesives for final product
-revamped cone design
-updated PoP re: cone design

Goals:
-procure bulkhead fittings for final product
-begin construction of intake/outtake pipes

Log Wed 23 Nov 2011

Accomplished:
-researched prices of all materials
-made cohesive shopping list so as not to waste Guiseppe's time
-collected some materials from lab

Goals:
-buy all materials
-begin construction

Log Mon 21 Nov 2011

Accomplished:
-contacted mentor
-finish press release
-finish calendar dates

Goals:
-assemble materials for final product
-begin construction

Press Release

FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

Systems Engineering 2: Solar Desalination Device

Presentation Announcement

Highlands, NJ, 17 January 2012 - The Marine Academy of Science and Technology Senior Project Presentations begin. One project is the Desalination Unit project, co-run by Gabrielle Goodrow, Emily Hagge, and Erin Krause. Ms. Goodrow's specific jurisdiction was the desalination portion of the project.

Gabrielle Goodrow is a senior at MAST, whose engineering interest was sparked by Isaac Asimov novels. She plans on studying biomedical engineering in college.

     Freshwater shortage is a global problem, and has devastating effects. In the Atacama Desert, Chile, freshwater deprivation has advanced, and villages are relocating to cities, straining Chile’s economy. If villages had freshwater, they could maintain their culture. This group has designed and constructed a compact solar desalination unit for use on a per-household basis. The product will supplement the water supply of an Atacaman family without requiring undue maintenance or power. This working solution could be manufactured and spread throughout the world, helping millions.

Project Description

            Problem and Solution

Fig 1: Maps of Northern Chile (left) and the Atacama Desert (right)

The Atacama Desert (Fig 1.) has long been known as the driest on Earth. The average rainfall there is one millimetre per year, and some weather stations have never reported precipitation. The small towns clustered around the edges and near oases have not prospered, but have managed to survive. However, since the mining boom of the 1990s, large corporations have begun to take over the mineral-rich area. Chile's free-market water rights system allowed the mining companies to buy the rights to nearby fresh rivers and lakes to use in their plants, poisoning the only water source that the towns have. The only water resources left are the salt lakes on the flats and the oceanic inlets.

Fig 2: Isometric rendering of component

This solar humidification desalination (Fig 2.) device aims to alleviate the water shortage in the Atacama region. Families will only have to pour saltwater into the device, and they will be supplied with potable water in their homes. The device requires no power grid or infrastructure. All materials used are also easily available and cheap, so the units would be accessible for rural families. If manufactured large-scale, towns could even grow. This device has the potential to help millions of families and make use of one of the world’s most abundant substances - salt water.

            Mentor Involvement

            To aid in conceptualization and construction of the desalination component, Ms. Goodrow turned to Dr. Robert Miskewitz, of Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. Dr. Miskewitz teaches a systems engineering course at Rutgers, and mentors many students at the university. They communicated on a regular basis about materials, construction methods, and practicality. Without his involvement, the project would not have gone as smoothly, and the final product would look very different.

           

STEMM Principles

            STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Manufacturing, and Math) principles were integral to the design and construction of this device. The science of water evaporation and components that can affect this was important, as was a scientific understanding of the principles of adhesion and cohesion (when designing the condensation cone). In timing the output volume to give the users enough water without overflowing their receptacle, the group had to measure evaporation and condensation rates and compare them to the predicted rate of water usage to determine how much buffer time they wanted between device activation and first usage.

Upcoming Presentation

            Content

            This upcoming presentation will cover the design process and selection of a design all the way up through construction of the final prototype. Both the scale model and final product will be displayed, and preliminary test results of the final product will be discussed.

Expectations

            Of Final Product

            This final product will be expected to augment significantly the water supply of a typical Atacaman family (40L/d) without putting a strain on the culture, maintenance- or power-wise. The device should integrate seamlessly into their routine, merely helping them to maintain their way of life by providing them with the most basic right of fresh water.

           

Scaling Up

            If this device is successful in this region, the concept could be manufactured and distributed to water-scarce areas around the globe as a decentralized and efficient way to return autonomy to areas parched due to water pollution, agricultural water theft, or climate change. The device works not only for purification of saltwater, but really of most dirty water – distillation removes a vast majority of impurities, transforming any water source into a viable option for these communities.

            Obviously, this is a high school project with impacts that reach far beyond the typical bounds. This simple device could represent survival and prosperity for countless communities. The device uses the power of the sun to distill saltwater into drinkability, and the device does this with no connection to existing infrastructure whatsoever. On January 20, 2011, at the Marine Academy, the final prototype of this device will be presented and the implications explored by Ms. Goodrow and her groupmates. 

For more details about the Desalination Unit in Sandy Hook, NJ, please contact Gabrielle

Goodrow at gabrielle.goodrow@gmail.com, or visit the Marine Academy of Science and

Technology at mast.mcvsd.org

About the Marine Academy of Science and Technology

     The Marine Academy of Science and Technology (MAST) is a co-ed four-year high school, grades 9-12; one of five career academies administered by the Monmouth County Vocational School District. The Marine Academy is fully accredited by the Middle States Association of Schools and Colleges and offers small classes with close personal attention. The Marine Academy was founded in 1981 as a part-time program, which has since grown to become a full-time diploma-granting program. The school’s curriculum focuses on marine sciences and marine technology/engineering. The MAST program requires each student to participate in the Naval Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (NJROTC) in lieu of Physical Education.

     MAST is located in the Fort Hancock Historic Area at the top of Sandy Hook, New Jersey. The school campus is located adjacent to the Sandy Hook Lighthouse, the oldest working lighthouse in the country, in thirteen newly renovated buildings, within walking distance of several beaches. The “Blue Sea” is a 65-foot research vessel owned and operated by the Marine Academy and berthed at the U.S. Coast Guard Station, Sandy Hook. The vessel is used in all facets of the program.

- ### -

For additional information:

Marine Academy of Science and Technology

732-749-3360

Gabrielle Goodrow, E: gabrielle.goodrow@gmail.com

Wendy Green, V: 732-291-0095

Log Fri 18 November 2011

Accomplished:
-short paragraph on assembly
-finished screenshots for step-by-step assembly and final product re: PoP
-added hinge to lid on CAD
-80% done with Press Release
-contacted mentor
-updated calendar schedules

Goals:
-Press Release
-obtain materials for final product!

Calendar Scedules MP2

Plan of Procedures for Desalination Unit

Desalination Component, Fully Assembled

Introduction:
The desalination unit product is not one that has highly intricate moving parts or delicate materials, but that does not mean that care should not be taken in the construction of this apparatus. The unit will consist of two water receptacles, one serving to remove the saline component of saltwater and one to irradiate and store the water for future human consumption. The entire apparatus will be connected by PVC pipes, and the UV lights which purify the water during its tenure in the second container will be powered by a solar panel array.
GMG's responsibility will be the first portion of the unit - the initial water input and desalination. This will entail construction of not only the receptacle but also of the desalination cone on which the freshwater would condense. GMG is responsible for piping the freshwater to the exterior of the desalination component, and from there EK will take over.

Supply List

Item	Description	QTY	Size	Remarks
1	Epoxy Resin	1	Tube	Shaping of Cone, adherence to lid
2	Caulk	1	Tube	Attaining watertight status
3	Black Paint	1	Gallon Can	Raising heat retention of receptacle
4	Marker	1	Standard	Marking Areas to drill and cut

Materials Processing and Tools

The most important of our materials, the barrel, does not change much in terms of materials processing. Holes are drilled for the outtake of freshwater and a plastic cone will be added instead of the lid. PVC will capture and transfer the water away from the component.

Tools and Equipment List

Item	Description	Use
1	Power Drill	Drill holes for outtake and intake
2	Power Hand Saw	Cut Pipe to proper length and/or modify barrel
3	Exacto Knife	Shape Pipe ends and widen outtake/intake holes
4	Paint Atomizer	Spray paint onto surface of barrel evenly
5	Clamps	Keep areas which are being glued pressed together

Material Processing Procedures
For GMG's component of the desalination unit, she must produce not only the primary saltwater receptacle and desalination cone on which the freshwater will condense, but also an intake pipe with overflow mitigation and a catchement device which will transport condensed fresh water out of the barrel

Item	Description	QTY	Size	Remarks
1	55-gallon drum	1	22.5”x33.5”	Base of component, holds saltwater initally
2	Flexible Plastic Painter’s Tarp	1	Meter squared	Forms condensation cone
3	PVC Pipe	2	Meter, 1.5” diameter	Conducts water from desalination component to storage component, and forms intake pipe.
4	Plastic Funnel	2	varies	Collects water from desalination cone, conducts water through intake pipe
5	Bulkhead Fitting	2	1.5”	Seals intake/outtake valves
6	Hinge	1	3.5”x2”	Attatches lid to Barrel
7	Plexiglass	1	3’x4’	Forms lid of component
8	Weight	1	10g	Weighs down point of cone

Receptacle:

1. Use S4 to mark intake and outflow areas on M1, and area for lid
2. Use T1 to drill intake and outflow holes at appropriate points on M1
3. Use T2 to detatch M1 top. Discard.
4. Insert M5 in both intake and outflow holes
5. Use S2 to waterproof any weak areas.
6. Use T1 to attach M6 to lid and barrel.
7. Use T4 to spray S3 evenly over M1 entirety.

Part P2: Funnel and Outflow
1. Use S4 to mark length of M3 needed
2. Use T2 to cut length of M3.
3. Use S1 to attatch one M4 to M3 length.
4. Use T3 to shape ends and clean up sloppy S1 residue.

Part P3: Intake Funnel
1. Use S4 to mark length of M3 needed
2. Use T2 to cut length of M3.
3. Use S1 to attach one M4 to M3 length.
4. Use T3 to shape ends and clean up sloppy S1 residue.

Part P4: Desalination Cone
1. Use T3 to cut .5m square of M2
2. Mark centre with S4
3. Affix M8 to centre with S1.
4. Use T2 to cut 22.5" diameter circle out of M7
5. Affix edges of M2 square to M7 with S1
6. Allow 24 hours for full drying

Assembly Procedures
The final assembly for this product mainly involves attaching the intake and outflow components to the receptacle and aligning them properly, and attaching the desalination cone to the lid of the reservoir. It should take little effort, and the only time constraint is how long the epoxy will need to dry - to affix the cone to the lid. Other than that, final assembly is remarkably painless.

Item	Description	QTY	Size	Remarks
1	Receptacle	1	22.5” x 33.5”	Holes drilled for P2 and P3, hinged lid
2	Intake Funnel and Pipe	1	18”x1.5” (3.5” funnel diameter)	Insert into intake hole on P1
3	Outflow Funnel and Pipe	1	10”x1.5” (3.5” funnel diameter)	Insert into outflow hole on P1
4	Desalination Cone	1	22.5”x1’	Attach to P1 lid

1. Insert P2 into appropriate hole on P1. Align so funnel faces upward.

2. Insert P3 into appropriate hole on P1. Align so funnel is facing upward in exact center of M1.

3. Use S1 to attach P4 to P1 lid.

4. Use T5 to clamp P4 to P1 lid for at least 2 hours

5. Use T4 and S3 to touch-up any flaking paint.

6. Use S2 to touch-up any unforseen weak spots

 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Rendering of Final Product
(Final Product will be Black)

Log Wed 16 November 2011

Accomplished:
-edited AutoCAD drawings for increased specificity
-updated related posts
- started screenshots for step-by-step assembly and final product re: PoP

Goals:
-short paragraph on Assembly
-finish screenshots for step-by-step assembly and final product re: PoP
-add hinge to lid on CAD

Log Mon 14 November 2011

Accomplished:
-finished supply chart and tool chart for Plan of Procedures
-finished description of Materials Processing Procedures for PoP
-finished Materials Processing Chart
-finished Materials Processing Procedure List
-finished Assembly Procedures Chart

Goals:
-brief description of Assembly
-Image of final product assembled? AutoCAD?
-Images of along-the-way assembly procedures
-edit AutoCad drawings for increased specificity

Log Tues 8 October 2011

Accomplished:
-finished presentation
-started MP2 calendar

Goals:
-materials chart
-plan of procedures
-discuss dimensions and spout placement with group

Log Mon 31 October 2011

Accomplished
-finished FPU Outline
-practiced FPU speech

Goals
-Present FPU!
-work on final plan of procedures

Final Materials List: Final Product (Desalination Component)

1 plastic barrel, approx. .9 m tall

1m of 4in (~10cm) PVC pipe

1 PVC bulkhead fitting

1 sq m flexible clear plastic

Epoxy adhesive (as needed)

Caulk (as needed)

NEXT

Log Fri 28 October 2011

Accomplished:
-shortened FPU speech to under 6 minutes
-printed out and turned in mentor contacts early!
-started calendar scheduling for MP2

Goals:
-Present FPU!
-contact mentor re: thoughts on scale model

Log Wed 26 October 2011

Accomplished:
-finished FPU text
-uploaded scale model pictures

Goals:
-Streamline FPU speech

Scale Model

View of the open lid of the storage unit with UV lights

Fitting between desalination unit and pipe to storage unit.

Condensation cone

Entire unit assembled.

Interior of desalination component

NEXT

Materials Brainstorming: Final Product

Reservoir
- 1 large plastic tank
-recycled? from something
Cone
-flexible black plastic (shower sealer?)

Tubing
-PVC

Accessories
-bulkhead fitting valve

Adhesives
-epoxy resin

Log Mon 24 October 2011

Accomplished:
-finished scale model construction
-wrote up final mentor contacts page
-edited HTML for post: Rationale Report in order to increase aesthetic value
-brainstormed materials for final product
-worked on FPU presentation text

Goals:
-finish FPU presentation text!!

Log Fri 21 October 2011

Accomplished:
-began scale model construction
-explained cone inversion edit
-edited html of several posts for aesthetic purposes

Goals:
-finish scale model construction
-work on FPU speech

Log Wed 20 October 2011

Accomplished:
-contacted mentor
-contacted other outside resources
-gathered materials for scale model
-edited Spec Check for Rationale Report

Goals:
-construct scale model
-finish FPU speech
-explain cone inversion edit

Log Mon 17 October 2011

Accomplished:
-finished testing procedures writeup
-finished user analysis survey
-procured scale model materials

Goals:
-construct scale model
-work on FPU speech

Log Thurs 13 October 2011

Accomplished:
-updated materials list for scale model
-updated isometric and exploded CAD drawings

Goals:
-begin writing up speech for FPU
-visit mentor, build scale model

Log Tues 11 October 2011

Accomplished:
- re-dimensioned orthographic drawings
- wrote up mentor contact (NJTEA Solar Panels Workshop)
-emailed mentor re: date for lab visit

Goals
-Visit mentor at lab this week, begin scale model construction
-procure materials for scale model?

Log Fri 06 October 2011

Accomplished:
-Added bulkhead fitting to AutoCAD 3-D drawing
-Attended NJTEA Solar Panel Conference
-Began planning to construct scale model at mentor's lab

Goals:
-set date to visit mentor's lab and begin scale model construction

Log Wed 5 2011

Accomplished:
-Turned in Solar Panel workshop and transportation permission slip
-Called mentor & took notes - revamped design
-added visuals to research post
-edited 3-D AutoCAD drawing and updated posts of orthographic, isometric, and exploded views.

Goals:
-Write up questions for Solar Panel Workshop
-Email mentor with revamped design and dimensions
-Begin assembling scale model materials

Log Mon 3 October 2011

Accomplished
-Updated Calendar
-Emailed Mentor
-Consolidated Mentor Contacts

Goals
-Call mentor tomorrow!!

CAD Exploded View

Exploded View of Desal Component, showing parts

NEXT

Log Wed 28 September 2011

Accomplished:
-3D AutoCAD Drawing


Goals:
-Call mentor
-AutoCAD exploded view

Log Mon 26 September 2011

Accomplished:
-added more visuals to Background Information and design briefs
-added more information re: previous solutions to Background Information

Goals:
-call mentor
-AutoCAD 3-D Drawing
-Obtain Materials and Supplies for Scale Model

Log Fri 23 September 2011

Accomplished:
-Emailed mentor, set up a phone call
-Confirmed attendance at Solar Panel Workshop on 6 October 2011
-Final Materials List
-Final Supplies List

Goals:
-Call mentor
-Obtain materials and supplies for Scale Model

Final Supplies List for Scale Model

-Glue
-Tape (Duct and Scotch)
-Scissors or Exacto Knife
-Black Spray Paint

Final Materials List for Scale Model

For Reservoirs:
-Home Depot Bucket
     

For Tubing, spout, etc:
-PVC tubing
-Bulkhead fitting

For Desalination Cone:
- thin black plastic sheet (approx. 25 square cm)

Materials Brainstorming: Scale Model

 For the reservoirs:
-Foamcore
-aluminum cans
-plastic tubing
-buckets
-cardboard

For the Tubing:
-thread (it doesn't have to work etc)
-plastic straws
-PVC
-k'nex

For the Desal Cone
-saran wrap
-tinfoil
-thin black plastic

Log Wed 21 September 2011

Accomplished:
-Finished isometric CAD drawing
-Emailed mentor with blog URL and questions
-Finished Design Matrix for Rationale Report
-Finalized Calendar post

Goals:
-Get Face-to-Face with mentor
-Finalize Rationale Report - spelling, grammar, etc
-Develop Materials list for scale model

Isometric Drawing of Desalination Component (CAD)

NEXT

Final Solution Rationale Report

  Re-introduction of Solutions:

Alternate Solution 1 features a desalination cone followed by 9 chambers of thermal distillation, powered by an array of solar panels on the "roof". The water travels in a circular path from chamber to chamber and eventually drips into a collection basin attached to the bottom of the unit, where UV lights can sanitize it. Water is dispensed through a faucet on the side, perhaps with an attached pitcher.

All of the moving parts are consolidated into one box,  which is good for streamlining the process and for improving aesthetics. The nine chambers of desalination are what is recommended by large-scale facilities, but at our price point, one has to wonder if we can really afford to power all of those

Alternate Solution 2 is basically the same as AS1, except that its storage receptacle is separate from the unit itself, which allows for an indoor storage unit and outdoor desalination unit, connected by a hose. This would make it easier for families to gain access to their fresh water.

Alternate Solution 3 utilized the property of parabolas to focus light at a point to speed up the solar desalination of a desalination cone. A parabola of mirrors would be constructed around an elevated desalination cone, and the rapidly evaporating water would be carried by gravity to a storage receptacle. This configuration had very little power needs but would be difficult to assemble perfectly for maximum efficiency.

Alternate Solution 4 also uses the sun as the direct power for the distillation of the seawater. The traditional desalination cone is placed on top of a chambered receptacle, which holds the saltwater (to be evaporated) in an inner chamber, and after it evaporates and condenses, it is allowed to run down the sides of the cone into an outer chamber, and thence through a tube into a storage unit where UV light awaits it. The water in the outer chamber is protected from further evaporation by two slanted flaps that allow water to flow past, but block almost all light. The unit would be placed outside and elevated, so that gravity could carry the freshwater down to a storage unit inside the house. The UV lights are the only things that need power.

Selection
  Our group decided to use Alternate Solution 4 for our final product, based on analysis of several factors, including power availability and uptake. This solution drastically decreases the energy used by relying solely on solar distillation, rather than boiling the water many times in many different chambers (AS 1 and 2). The cylindrical, cone-topped shape is compact, with few moving parts for easy installation and maintenance. Also helping with ease of user interface is the screw-off top, making the inside easy to clean of salt residue.

        Since the sun directly desalinates the water from the inner reservoir and the desalination unit will be elevating, utilizing gravity to transfer the freshwater to the storage unit inside, the solar panels will only be needed to power the UV lights that disinfect the water in the storage reservoir. This drastically reduces the number of solar panels needed, which will lower our manufacturing costs and installation difficulty.

    None of our alternate solutions could produce 40 litres solo, so no matter which design we chose, multiple units would need to be assigned to each household. With AS 4, however, the construction of multiple units would be easier, cheaper, and overall more feasible than with the other solutions, which involved many small chambers and moving parts. With AS 4, each small barrel can be hooked up to the same indoor reservoir, and families would not have to worry about a multitude of heat plates or membrane systems outside their house. Overall, this solution is markedly simpler and more efficient, not only for us, the manufacturer, but for the eventual customer.
To see more imagery of our final solution, (WITH EDITS), click here, HERE or here. For an explanation of the edits you see in the additional drawings, click here - 

Below is the Design Matrix used to choose the Final Solution.
Though one of our top specifications is "desalinates and purifies water", all of the Alternate Solutions would accomplish that task, so that specification was divided into Volume and Speed of desalination (Columns 1 and 2). Thus, we can better see which design would be the most practical. 

	Productive (Volume)	Efficient (Speed)	Streamlined (Aesthetics)	Sturdy  (Materials)
AS1	2 Once the center cone is full, volume is set at that small number, unless it is refilled.	3 Though the water might boil faster, it would still have to travel through 9 chambers.	3 With all moving parts hidden inside the box, the machine looks quite streamlined and aesthetically pleasing, barring the sharp corners and/or size	2 Boxes are quite sturdy, but since everything is outside, it is more susceptible to breakage.
AS2	2 Once the center cone is full, volume is set at that small number, unless it is refilled.	2 Though the water might boil faster, it would still have to travel through 9 chambers and a tube.	2 Each component of the device is streamlined, but spreading it from outside to inside makes it less aesthetically pleasing, involves more tubing and such.	3 Keeping the main storage unit inside reduces risk. The box left outside is still quite sturdy.
AS3	1 Only a thin layer of water can be added at a time.	1 With only the sun for heat, water would evaporate slowly, and still have to travel through the tube	1 This requires a lot of outside land area for the mirror array, and the desal component looks like a demented birdbath. No one wants this in their yard.	1  That one pillar on which the desal component stands is absurd. Also, the mirrors will constantly break or go out of alignment.
AS4	4 The double-walled cylinder shape offers high input volume.	4 Heat is more focused, so evaporation will be faster, and there is only one chamber to deal with.	4 Two streamlined cylinders are highly aesthetically pleasing. Maintenance should be a breeze. Highly desirable.	4 Cylinders are good at being outside (ie garbage cans, flagpoles, etc). If weighted properly, this should be perfect.

Total: AS1=9, AS2=10, AS3=4, AS4=16